Early maturing, high yielding psyllium (Plantago ovata F.) variety &#39;Mayuri&#39; with maturity marker

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to a new distinct early maturing, high seed and husk yielding variety of psyllium ( Plantago ovata ) designated as var. ‘Mayuri’ with the distinct pigment marker of the panicles relatable to the maturity thereby indicating the right harvesting stage to prevent the seed shattering, a problem in psyllium. This variety was developed by mutation breeding (gamma rays irradiation) and propagated by seeds for commercial cultivation. The new variety could be differentiated from the other variety through unique RAPD profile and has been tested for uniformity and stability of characters defined. Psyllium plant ‘Mayuri’ with stage marker and early maturity.

FIELD OF INVENTION Genus, Species, and Variety

[0001] The present invention relates to a new distinct early maturing, high seed and husk yielding variety of of the genus Plantago, species ovata, (common name “psyllium”) designated as the variety ‘Mayuri’.

[0002] This invention further relates to the distinct pigment indicator marker of the panicles relatable to the maturity, serving as signal for harvesting stage. The new distinct plant variety of psyllium has been developed by mutation breeding (gamma rays irradiation). The variety can be propagated asexually, but can conveniently be propagated by seed for commercial cultivation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Psyllium (Plantago ovata), family—Plantaginaceae a plant of west Asian origin was introduced into India the middle age. It is important for its seeds and husk in traditional system of medicine. India continues to hold a monopoly in its production and trade in the world market. Thus, isabgol/psyllium is a major foreign exchange earner. Owing to limited genetic variability, genetic diversity and the improved varieties for commercial cultivation, the production is not as much as expected. Therefore, there is a need to develop superior variety of psyllium for high seed and husk yield.

OBJECT OF THE INVENTION

[0004] The main object of the invention is therefore, to develop a new distinct early maturing variety with novel indicator/marker distinguishable by visible observation particularly pigment development for detection of the maturity time coupled with high seed and husk. The other object of the invention was to select a new variety with minimum shattering of seeds prior to harvest of the crop thereby increasing the seed and husk yield.

SUMMARY

[0005] This invention relates to a new distinct early maturing, high seed and husk yielding variety of psyllium (Plantago ovata) designated as variety ‘Mayuri’ with the distinct pigment marker of the panicles as indicator of the maturity thereby permitting time by harvest and preventing the seed shattering, a problem in Plantago. This variety was developed by mutation breeding (gamma rays irradiation). The variety can be propagated asexually, but can conveniently be propagated by seed for commercial cultivation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0006] In the drawings accompanying the specification,

[0007]FIG. 1 represents the plant ‘Mayuri’ in the field.

[0008]FIG. 2 represents the unique RAPD profile of ‘Mayuri’.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0009] Under genetic improvement programme of isabgol, mutation breeding (Gamma rays irradiation: 10-100 kR doses) was initiated in an inbred line developed from ‘CIMAP/L1’ (three generation selfed) to induce variability in its genetic background and select for desirable polygenic mutants (early maturity with indicator/marker for colour at the time of the maturity, high seed and husk yield) suitable for commercial cultivation. Eight promising mutants were selected from different treatments in M2 and evaluated in Initial Evaluation Trial for three consecutive years (1997-1999, M4-M6). These mutants were also evaluated in Bench Scale Trial for three consecutive years (1998-1999), and the most promising mutant CIMAP/S 5 at 20 kR dose was also evaluated further in Pilot Scale Trial for two years (1999-2000). On an average, the elite strain CIMAP/S 5 registered its superiority over the check Niharika (non-patented) for seed yield per unit area. The elite strain was named as variety ‘Mayuri’. TABLE 1 represents the morphological and agronomic characters of the developed variety ‘Mayuri’ compared to the control varieties ‘G1’ and ‘Niharika’ (non-patented). Checks GI 1 Niharika Attributes ‘MAYURI’ (non-patented) Plant height (cm) 40.00 43.00 45.00 Days to flowering (50%) 65(early) 80(late) 72(medium) Leaves thin, medium broad, dark green light green Growth habit Semi closed open closed No. of panicles/plant 110 85 90 Length of spike (cm) 5.80 5.60 6.00 Maturity (days) 100-110 130-150 120-130 Seed yield (q/ha) 13.486 7.72 9.575 Seed husk yield (q/ha) 3.03 1.93 2.39 Swelling index 443.80 423.20 441.70 Marker/indicator trait gray purple green (none) green (none) (colour of panicle (distinct) during maturity)

[0010] Morphological distinction: A little shorter plant strature, feathery and large number of panicles, thin peduncle, early maturity (100-110 days) and narrow, light green long leaves are the distinct morphological characters of ‘Mayuri’.

[0011] Taxonomic description of var. ‘Mayuri’:

[0012] 1. Genus: Plantago

[0013] 2. Species: ovata

[0014] 3. Family: Plantaginaceae

[0015] 4. Common name: Isabgol, Psyllium

[0016] 5. Leaf: Upper surface: Yellow green group (145A)

[0017] Lower surface: Yellow green group (145B)

[0018] 6. Inflorescence colour on maturity: Gray purple group (184D)

[0019] 7. Inflorescence colour before maturity: Green group (143C)

[0020] The color codes are in accordance with The Royal Horticultural Society color chart published by The Royal Horticultural Society, 80 Vincent Square, London SWIP2PE, 1995. The plant ‘Mayuri’ of Psyllium is a an annual herb which attains a height of 30-40 cm. The stem is wholly underground and covered with fine hairs. Tillers arise from the base of the plant, Each tiller bears a rosette of leaves. The leaves are narrowly liner, acuminate, peduncle longer than leaves, arise in the leaf axils and bear ovoid or cylindrical terminal spikes with sessile flowers. The stamens are adnate to the corolla tube and are exerted. The filaments and style are pink. The style usually exceeds the stamens slightly in length and is protogynous. 20-30 cm deep tape roots. The colour of Seeds—dull pinkish (as per the RHC color chart—54D), Boat shaped, outline ovate, length about 1.8-3.3 mm and weight of 100 seeds—0.17 gm.

[0021] The variety ‘Mayuri’ was grown under sub-tropical conditions with an average temperature of 10° C. The morphological data was obtained 80 days after seed was sown. The yield data was obtained at full maturity, 110 days after seed was sown. This variety was developed at CIMAP main center, Licknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. No observations were made regarding pest or disease resistance.

[0022] When sexually reproduced, the variety was stable. The data presented above indicate that the variety produced no variants of any kind. The trial population was uniform and stable. The trial population reproduced true to type over successive generations for three years. Table 1 presents data indicating that variety ‘Mayuri’ is superior in several respects to conventional varieties such as ‘GI 1’ (non-patented) and ‘Niharika’ (non-patneted).

[0023] The variety ‘Mayuri’ has an average plant spread 36 sq cm. The variety's various features are characterized by:

[0024] Leaves:

[0025]Leaf length.—5.5 cm to 17.0 cm.

[0026]Phyllotaxy.—Cluster.

[0027]Surface texture.—Chartaceous.

[0028]Margin type.—entire.

[0029] Peduncle:

[0030]Length.—9.5 to 22.0 cm.

[0031]Surface texture.—Smooth.

[0032]Color.—141C (Green).

[0033] Floret:

[0034]Size.—4.0 cm.

[0035] Corolla:

[0036]Size.—3 mm.

[0037]Surface texture.—Chartaceous.

[0038]Shape.—elliptic-obovate.

[0039]Apex shape.—sub obtuse, apiculate.

[0040]Color.—69D (pale pink-purple).

[0041] Calyx:

[0042]Size.—3 mm.

[0043]Surface texture.—smooth.

[0044]Shape.—oblong-oblanceolate.

[0045]Apex shape.—acute.

[0046]Color.—140B (green), 157C(white).

[0047] Filament:

[0048]Color.—46A (Red).

[0049]Length.—4 mm.

[0050] Style:

[0051]Color.—46A(Red).

[0052]Length.—3 mm.

[0053]Pistil number.—1 (one).

[0054]Stamen number.—4(Four).

[0055] Fruit:

[0056]type.—capsule.

[0057]Size.—3mm long.

[0058]Colour.—54D.

[0059] The color codes are in accordance with The Royal Horticultural Society color chart published by The Royal Horticultural Society, 80 Vincent Square, London SWIP2PE, 1995.

Yield Trials During Development of ‘Mayuri’

[0060] Relative performance of ‘Mayuri’ in different yield evaluation trials is presented in Table 2. The seed lots of the parent inbred line ‘CIMAP/L1’ were treated with gamma ray in a cobalt (⁶⁰Co) source (10 to 100 kR). These seedlots were sown separately in the farm of Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, UP, India and evaluated as indicated in the table 2. The plants generated from the seedlot treated at 20 kR (kilorad) found to be yielding higher in both initial and bench scale trial. So finally the strain ‘CIMAP/S-5’ was taken to pilot scale trial and found to be high performer compared to the control variety ‘Niharika’ (non-patented). Further, the strain ‘CIMAP/S-5’ named as ‘Mayuri’ was observed to be changing the colour of the panicle from green to gray purple indicating the maturity time for harvesting. Also harvesting at this stage minimise the shattering of seeds thereby increasing the yield of the seed and husk. Also the variety ‘Mayuri’ matured in 100-110 days compared to the check variety ‘Niharika’ (non-patented) and other strains in different field trials which matures late (130 to 150 days).

RAPD Analysis

[0061] The genotype ‘Mayuri’ is distinct in its RAPD profile in comparison to ‘Niharika’ (non-patented). The random primers used for developing the RAPD patterns are as follows: Primers Base sequence MAP 01 5′ AAA TCG GAG C 3′ MAP 02 5′ GTC XTA CTC G 3′ MAP 04 5′ TGC GCG ATC G 3′ MAP 05 5′ AAC GTA CGC G 3′ MAP 06 5′ GCA CGC CGG A 3′ MAP 09 5′ CGG GAT CCG C 3′ MAP 10 5′ GCG AAT TCC G 3′ MAP 11 5′ CCC TGC AGG C 3′ MAP 12 5′ CCA AGC TTG C 3′ MAP 15 5′ AAG ATA GCG G 3′ MAP 16 5′ GGA TCT GAA C 3′ MAP 17 5′ TTG TCT CAG G 3′ MAP 18 5′ CAT CCC GAA C 3′ MAP 19 5′ GGA CTC CAC G 3′

[0062] Using the above primers, the distinct RAPD profile of the new genotype ‘Mayuri’ was deduced (FIG. 2).

[0063] The genotype ‘Mayuri’ or variety ‘Mayuri’ was developed at Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow a constituent of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India under the genetic improvement programme of Lemongrass. The complete RAPD profile for PCR amplified DNA using 14 primers (as mentioned earlier) is available providing evidence of distinctiveness of the genotype ‘Mayuri’. Further genotypic pair analysis was utilised for assessing the genetic/molecular distances between ‘Mayuri and ‘Niharika’ (non-patented) by the help of 60 random primers. Twenty of these primers are designated as MAP primers as designed and synthesised at CIMAP (Khanuja S P S, Shasany A K, Srivastava A and Kumar S (2000) assessment of genetic relationships in Mentha species. Euphytica. 111: 121-125). In this analysis the genotypic difference was estimated to be 10.7% between ‘Mayuri and ‘Niharika’ (non-patented).

[0064] Accordingly the invention in an embodiment provides a new and distinct high yielding, early maturing variety with developmentally expressed pigment marker possessing the following characters:

[0065] a. Yellow green group (145A) upper surface, Yellow green group (145B) lower surface of the leaf,

[0066] b. inflorescence having green group (143C) florets which turn Gray purple group (184D) on maturity,

[0067] c. randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profile for polymerised chain reaction (PCR) amplified DNA segment using 14 primers distinct from the other existing varieties,

[0068] d. high seed yield (11 to 12 q/ha) and high seed husk yield (2.3 to 3 kg/ha) compared to other check (control variety),

[0069] e. early maturity (100-110) in comparison to other genotypes,

[0070] f. development of pigment in the panicle showing stage of colour from green to gray purple as a detectable marker indicating the maturity time for harvesting to avoiding seed shattering.

[0071] g. swelling index is 443.80 in comparison to other varieties.

[0072] The color codes are in accordance with The Royal Horticultural Society color chart published by The Royal Horticultural Society, 80 Vincent Square, London SWIP2PE, 1995.

[0073]FIG. 1 represents the plants ‘Mayuri’ in the field and FIG. 2 represents the photograph showing the unique RAPD profile of ‘Mayuri’ wherein

[0074] Lane 1 represents λHind III+EcoRI marker and

[0075] Lane 2-15 represent profiles with primers MAP 01, MAP 02, MAP 04, MAP 05, MAP 06, MAP 09, MAP 10, MAP 11, MAP 12, MAP 15, MAP 16, MAP 17, MAP 18, MAP 19. TABLE 2 Mean performance of promising mutants in different yield trials for seed yield in Isabgol Initial Evaluation Trial (g/plot) (RBD, Rep 2, plot size 1.8 Sqm) Entries 1997 1998 1999 Mean  1 CIMAP/S 5 322 390 490 401  2 CIMAP 2337 202 376 340 306  3 CIMAP/S10-1 424 355 450 410  4 CIMAP/S 6 494 351 227 357  5 CIMAP/S 039 244 312 195 250  6 FUR 4-8 166 286 390 281  7 CIMAP 6-9 184 274 278 245  8 BRN 6-5 170 251 292 238  9 GI-1 147 153 150 150 10 NIHARIKA 170 208 210 196 CD (1%) 63 50 55 — Bench Scale Pilot Scale Trial Trial (kg/plot) (mean of two years) (RBD, Reps 3, (Plot size 67.50 Sqm) plot size 12.96 sqm) seed yield seed husk Entries 1998 1999 Mean yield (kg) (ql/ha) (q/ha)  1 CIMAP/S 5 2.265 2.575 2.420 8.18 12.12 3.03  2 CIMAP 2.264 2.565 2.415 2337  3 CIMAP/ 1.354 1.538 1.446 S10-1  4 CIMAP/S 6 1.552 1.527 1.540  5 CIMAP/S 1.403 1.476 1.440 039  6 FUR 4-8 1.318 1.445 1.382  7 CIMAP 6-9 1.264 1.175 1.220  8 BRN 6-5 1.157 1.148 1.153  9 GI-1 0.985 0.990 0.988 10 NIHARIKA 1.333 1.335 1.334 6.89 10.21 2.66 CD (1%) 0.49 0.587 —

[0076]

1 14 1 10 DNA Artificial Sequence Primers 1 aaatcggagc 10 2 10 DNA Artificial Sequence Primers 2 gtcntactcg 10 3 10 DNA Artificial Sequence Primers 3 tgcgcgatcg 10 4 10 DNA Artificial Sequence Primers 4 aacgtacgcg 10 5 10 DNA Artificial Sequence Primers 5 gcacgccgga 10 6 9 DNA Artificial Sequence Primers 6 cgggatccg 9 7 9 DNA Artificial Sequence Primers 7 gcgaattcc 9 8 9 DNA Artificial Sequence Primers 8 ccctgcagg 9 9 9 DNA Artificial Sequence Primers 9 ccaagcttg 9 10 10 DNA Artificial Sequence Primers 10 aagatagcgg 10 11 9 DNA Artificial Sequence Primers 11 ggatctgaa 9 12 10 DNA Artificial Sequence Primers 12 ttgtctcagg 10 13 10 DNA Artificial Sequence Primers 13 catcccgaac 10 14 10 DNA Artificial Sequence Primers 14 ggactccacg 10 

We claim:
 1. A distinct high yielding, early maturing Psyllium (Plantogo Ovata F.) variety plant ‘Mayuri’ as described and illustrated with developmentally expressed pigment marker and possessing the following characters: (a) Yellow green group (145A) upper surface, Yellow green group (145B) lower surface of the leaf, (b) inflorescence having green group (143C) florets which turn Gray purple group (184D) on maturity, (c) randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profile for polymerised chain reaction (PCR) amplified DNA segment using 14 primers distinct from the other existing varieties, (d) high seed yield (11 to 12 q/ha) and high seed husk yield (2.3 to 3 kg/ha) compared to other check (control variety), (e) early maturity (100-110) in comparison to other genotypes, (f) development of pigment in the panicle showing stage of colour from green to gray purple as a detectable marker indicating the maturity time for harvesting to avoiding seed shattering. (g) swelling index is 443.80 in comparison to other varieties. 